Write answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Vocabulary Matching: Match the term with its definition

   representative sample stratified random sample bias sample survey census repeated measures simple random sample variability double blind reliability validity ecological validity

   A study is said to have this when it is conducted in a similar context to that which would occur naturally. An experiment is said to be this when neither the subject nor the people who has direct contact with the subject know what treatment the subject is receiving. A measure has this when it consistently misses the true value in the same way each time. A measure has this quality when it provides consistent results each time. A measure has this quality when it measures what it is supposed to measure. A term to describe discrepancies between measurements that are not easily explained. A method of determining characteristics of a population of people based using a subset of the individuals. A method of sampling where the population is divided into groups and a random sample is drawn from each group. A method of determining the characteristics of a population using all of the individuals. A method of sampling where each individual in the population is equally likely to be chosen. A type of experiment where the same individual is exposed to the different treatments and measured each time. A sample that captures the variation present in the population.

2. Suppose a uniformed police officer stands on a street corner conducting a survey on gun control. The officer asks people walking by the following question: "Do you agree that there should be tighter controls on gun purchasing and ownership to protect the lives of public safety officers who are laying their lives on the line to keep you safe?" Give at least three problems with how this survey is being conducted.
3. Is it sufficient to know only the results of a study to completely understand the implications of the research? Why or why not?
4. Give an example of a type of sample that is not likely to result in a representative sample. Explain your reasoning.
5. Give an example of a case where an observational study would need to be used instead of an experiment and explain why an observational study would be required.
6. Can causation be concluded from an observational study? How about an experiment? Briefly explain.
7. Suppose a laboratory study was conducted to test the effect of coffee on testing ability. A group of Math 150 students were randomly assigned to two groups. One group were asked to drink 2 cups of coffee 30 minutes before taking a simulated Math 150 exam, the other group received nothing. The participants were asked to do as well as they could on the exam. Participants were connected to instruments used to measure heart rate, blood pressure, and brain activity during the 10 minutes before the test as well as while it was being taken. Students were expected to remain seated until they were done with the test. Results indicated that students who drank the coffee completed the exam an average of 20% faster and scored an average of 10% worse. Give two reasons these results may not be indicative of what you would experience if you drank 2 cups of coffee 30 minutes before your next Math 150 exam.
8. Turn in your answers from above, and you can use the notes you made about the assigned article to answer the following questions:
   1. Is this study best described as an experiment or an observational study?
   2. Were any of the 7 critical components missing in this report? If so, identify at least one of them.
   3. To what group of people do the results of this study most clearly apply? To what extent to the results apply to you?